HMGB1 and multiple sclerosis: HMGB1 has emerged as a critical player in orchestrating inflammatory responses and propagating tissue damage across a diverse array of neurological conditions that extend beyond cerebrovascular events, encompassing traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, motor neuron disease, and demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis (Yang et al., 2005; Juranek et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2019; Dai et al., 2021).