HMGB1 and stroke disorder: In the chronic phase following a cerebrovascular accident, HMGB1 exerts detrimental effects on synaptic plasticity by attenuating long-term potentiation through its influence on NMDA receptor function, dendritic spine morphology, and neural networks that subserve learning and memory processes (Costello et al., 2011; Paudel et al., 2018).