Interestingly, a study by Ortiz et al. revealed that tumor-derived EVPs selectively downregulate interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1) in leukocytes, compromising the immune system's ability to counter tumor metastasis by interfering with the protective IFNAR1-cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) pathway, essential for preventing tumor-derived EVP uptake and PMN formation[54]. Here, IFNAR1 is linked to neoplasm.