In another human cohort with obesity as the inflammatory state, hepcidin levels were mildly increased in obese pregnant women compared with healthy pregnant women, but conflicting evidence was found on hematologic or iron variables in the mother or neonate.106, 107, 108 All together, these findings underscore the necessity to evaluate the effect of CKD on the course of hepcidin levels during pregnancy, maternal iron restriction and also on the offspring outcomes (Table 5). This evidence concerns the gene HAMP and chronic kidney disease.