IGF1 and acute kidney injury: Again, these can be detected in altered concentrations in the urine following AKI.22 As described in the previous section, most MSC-EV/AKI studies focus on miRNAs as drivers of therapeutic benefits; however, MSC-EV preparations have been shown to contain peptide growth factors, such as VEGF, IGF-1, HGF, IL-10, and FGF2, albeit in low concentrations.84,115 None of these growth factors appear within the top 100 proteins in the Vesiclepedia proteomic database, but they can be detected using more sensitive methods such as ELISA.