TNF and Cognitive impairment: Additionally, it may also exert beneficial effects on the brain and cognition by modulating inflammatory cytokines (levels of which are associated with cognitive impairment (76–78)) such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and IL-1β, with studies (79–81) reporting that, levels of inflammatory cytokines are associated with cognitive impairment.