APP and Alzheimer disease: These biomarkers, which are produced or regulated by peripheral organs, play roles in AD-associated biological pathways such as innate immune response (40) (31%), blood coagulation (41) (16%), lipid metabolism (42) (16%), bioenergetics (43) (11%), oxidative stress (44) (11%), APP/Aβ metabolism (45) (5%), cell protection (46) (5%), and sex hormonal system (47) (5%) (Fig.3b).