As reported in earlier studies, WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase-1 (WWP-1), a potential driver of oncogenesis and metastasis, is a direct target of miR-452. Hence reduced expression of miR-452 can lead to increased WWP-1 expression and thereby increased PCa cell migration and invasion102,103. Here, WWP1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.