The most common biological models of atherosclerosis involve in vivo studies where atherosclerosis is induced in animals via a cholesterol‐rich diet, genetic manipulation, or by introducing risk factors such as diabetes in the animal.[145] Animals are injected with components that induce endothelial dysfunction, such as LDLs, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), or HDLs and then monitored over a certain period to demonstrate atherosclerotic growth. Here, TNF is linked to endothelial dysfunction.