An increased expression of endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) in BBB was observed during the autopsies of persons with HIV (PWH) with encephalitis; similarly, in mouse models, brain endothelial cells expressed high concentrations of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 after contact with viral proteins, such as gp120 [39–41]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to encephalitis.