Significantly, TRAF4, a scaffold protein with E3 ligase activity, binds to Caveolin-1 (CAV1) to inhibit ZNRF1-mediated ubiquitination and facilitate USP7-mediated deubiquitination, thus enhancing CAV1 stability, promoting stemness, and increasing GBM cell resistance to TMZ [132] (Fig. 3C). The gene discussed is CAV1; the disease is glioblastoma.