Various epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, miRNA, lncRNA, and histone acetylation, have been established to play crucial roles in tumor initiation and progression.[44] In terms of mutation analysis, it has been found that TP53, CTNNB1, and RB1 genes are significantly expressed in the high CDCA4 expression group, highlighting their importance in studying tumor signaling pathways. The gene discussed is TP53; the disease is neoplasm.