TNF and cancer: Fengyuan Che et al. observed that glioma stem cells significantly stimulate the expression of inflammatory response genes (TNF-α, MIP-1α, MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10), cell cycle regulatory proteins (cyclin E and CDK4/6), anti-apoptotic factors (Bcl-2), and TFs (NF-κB) after activating by TLR-4 agonist LPS (0–40 μg/mL), resulting in cancer progression [93].