TNF and colitis: found that ginsenosides Rg1, and its major metabolites (Rh1 and 20(S)-protopanaxtriol), all could ameliorate 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis through suppressing the secretion levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-17, and TNF-α), restoring Th17/Treg imbalance, and blocking the binding of LPS to TLR4 on macrophages (80).