Ginseng root extract (GRE) also exerted stronger anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects in DSS-induced colitis, which could remarkably inhibit expression levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), blocking NF-κB and p62-Nrf2-Keap1 pathways activity, and suppressing the phosphorylation of MAPKs (JNK, ERK-1/2, and p38) (61). Here, IL1B is linked to colitis.