TNF and colitis: In an obesity-induced colonic inflammation-stimulated colitis, in was found that ginsenoside Rk3 could effectively repair the injuries of intestinal epithelial barrier through upregulating the secretion of multiple tight junction proteins and suppressing the expression levels of inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and oxidative stress cytokine through blocking the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway (64).