In comparison to the T2DM-NCI group, the T2DM-MCI group exhibited a statistically significant difference in years of education (12.00 vs. 15.00 years) and history of insulin application (60.0% vs. 35.8%) (p < 0.05), while other parameters did not demonstrate significance (p > 0.05). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.