TYMS and cancer: There are diverse molecular mechanisms of cancer drug resistance mediated through FOXM1, including enhanced DNA damage repair [23–25], oxidative stress prevention [26–28], increased drug efflux activity [20, 29–31], increased thymidylate synthase (TS) activity [32, 33], the negative regulation of the JNK/mitochondrial pathway [34], induction of AMPK/mTOR signaling [21], or via up-regulating microtubule dynamics regulation associated components and blocking drug-induced mitotic catastrophe [35, 36].