VIM and neoplasm: Tumors were harvested to investigate the expression of key biomarkers for tumor proliferation (Ki-67) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (markers: E-cadherin, β-catenin, and Vimentin), since these markers are known to be associated with biliary oncogenesis.16,17 Immunochemistry revealed decreased expression of Ki-67, β-catenin, Vimentin, and increased expression of E-cadherin in circRNA-specific ASO-treated groups, which was further validated by immunoblotting (Fig. 4c, d).