Cytokine sensing platforms are therefore transferable across a range of pathological conditions, especially atherosclerosis in which the levels of inflammation align with the progression and vulnerability of plaques.107,108 Liu et al. 109 reported a NP-based affinity sensor, the ‘OnCELISA’, which is able to specifically detect the cell from which inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was secreted and the amount in macrophages in vitro (BV2 microglia). Here, IL6 is linked to atherosclerosis.