TLR4 and atherosclerosis: These NPs suppressed TLR4 signalling, causing a significant reduction in inflammatory cytokine secretion in human THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that were exposed to LPS derived from multiple bacterial species.110 TLR4 is important mediator of the inflammasome response that plays a key role in atherosclerosis.111 Blockade of the TLR4 signalling pathway using these HDL-like NP platforms therefore has the potential for repurposing for the early detection and/or mitigation of inflammatory ‘hot spots’ in atherosclerotic plaque.