IL11 and cancer: Recent studies also found that IL11 plays an important role in the onset and progression of various types of cancer, especially colorectal cancers in which fibroblasts have high expression of IL11.[45, 46] More importantly, IL11 promotes tumor growth by inhibiting the effect of CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells in tumors, suggesting that IL11 affects tumor immunity.[47] Our results showed that IL11 increased PDL1 expression and enhanced the ability of LCBM cells to induce T cell apoptosis after binding to its classical receptor (IL11Rα/gp130), and also by binding to and activating EGFR (Figure 6H).