Several mechanisms: vasoconstriction, atherosclerosis, stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), upregulation of thromboxane A2 expression, norepinephrine synthesis, angiotensin II expression, endothelin-1 stimulation, release of neuropeptide Y and attenuation of adenosine.(91–95). Here, EDN1 is linked to atherosclerosis.