Through the employment of sophisticated statistical techniques, such as GAM and smooth curve fitting, while adjusting for a comprehensive array of covariates, including age, sex, WBC, RBC, MCHC, RDW, AST, ALT, FBG, FIB, TG, LDL-C, ALB, TP, GFR, BMI, DM, history of stroke or TIA, hypertension, AF, CHD, stroke etiology, smoking, and the NIHSS score, a distinctive U-shaped relationship was revealed between the BUN/Cr ratio and the risk of AOs in patients with AIS (Figure 3). Here, GPT is linked to atrial fibrillation.