BDNF and Alzheimer disease: As the most abundant neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one factor that mediates synaptic plasticity, low levels of which are associated with neurological disorders such has AD, yet lifestyle interventions such as diet and exercise can positively up-regulate BDNF, regulate insulin metabolism in the brain, and reduce inflammation (Xue et al., 2022).