INS and retinal disorder: After identifying the five diabetes subgroups, we assessed whether they were differentially associated with race/ethnicity, levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and prevalence of microalbuminuria, acanthosis nigricans (AN), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), chronic kidney disease (CKD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), hypertension, thyroid disease, retinopathy, and prescription of insulin and metformin.