IL1B and Sepsis: When taken in a translational context, the cell-specific functions of IL-1 that we and others have observed could partially account for the mixed results on the efficacy of IL-1 antagonism in sepsis in multiple clinical trials in the early 1990s (Fisher et al., 1994a; Fisher et al., 1994b; Opal et al., 1997) and for the side effect profile of IL-1 antagonism even when efficacious (Ridker et al., 2017).