However, when interrogated in a cell-specific manner, it has been shown that IL-1R1 on renal tubular epithelium worsens disease following UUO (Zhang et al., 2014b) and toxic AKI (Ren et al., 2023); whereas IL-1R1 on podocytes (Ren et al., 2022) and endothelial cells (Ren et al., 2023) limits toxic AKI. This evidence concerns the gene IL1R1 and acute kidney injury.