NPPB and atrial fibrillation: The questionnaire offered several other important insights: (1) AF is the most commonly identified arrhythmia causing AiCM, followed by high amounts of ventricular pacing, atrial flutter, and PVCs; (2) there is inconsistent use of MRI or coronary angiography for differential diagnosis, with a surprising high reliance on serial BNP measurements; (3) antiarrhythmic treatments, particularly CA, are widely used, alongside adjunctive HF therapy initiated at the time of HF diagnosis.