Among the studied biomarkers, 4 cytokines (FGF-2, IFN-α2, IL-4 and IL-6) and 3 chemokines (IL-8, IP-10 and MCP-1) were highly expressed in the CHB group, 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-6) and 2 chemokines (IL-8 and IP-10) were highly expressed in the LC group, and only IP-10 and IL-10 were highly expressed in the DN group and the HCC group, respectively. Here, CCL2 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.