Iron deficiency and iron overload are considered important causes of chronic metabolic diseases (such as T2DM or obesity) [108] Studies have shown that mice fed with rich iron diets showed upregulation of IR-related adipokines because an iron-enriched diet induces insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia and affects visceral adipose tissue metabolism by a mechanism involving hepcidin up-regulation [109]. This evidence concerns the gene HAMP and type 2 diabetes mellitus.