In a novel finding, levels of angiogenic factors, angiogenin and PF4, and cell stress marker, phospho-HSP27 were significantly higher in hiPSC-derived BMECs co-cultured with Pf-iRBCs compared to uninfected RBCs co-cultures. Reports on disorders such as ischemia and small vessel disease have shown damage to brain endothelial cells can result in the increase in expression of angiogenic and cell stress factors associated with cellular injury [50, 51]. Here, PF4 is linked to ischemia.