C. jejuni has been shown to elicit a pro-inflammatory cytokine response by human monocytes [121] and intestinal epithelial cells [122], which involves NF-κB stimulation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin 8 (IL-8), which recruits neutrophils to the site of infection [122]. Here, CXCL8 is linked to infection.