Genetic variations in PNPLA3 were first implicated in liver diseases, including NAFLD and ALD, more than a decade ago36,37, and recently large GWASs, including a study that included our NIAAA cohort, have identified variations in PNPLA3 as having the largest effect in AC12. The gene discussed is PNPLA3; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.