CSF2 and melanoma: T-VEC has been shown to induce immunogenic cell death in melanoma cell lines with associated release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including release of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and ecto-calreticulin (CRT)55 along with other oncolytic properties such as the upregulation of tumor-derived antigens in an immunostimulatory microenvironment, local production of GM-CSF, and cross-priming of CD8 + T cell responses by dendritic cells that facilitate an anti-tumor immune response56.