CD38 and lymphopenia: Following the dual stopping of CNI and MPA and the initiation of mTORi, in contrast to the persistent lymphopenia (Figs. 2a and 3a), we detected the beginning of the immune shift at V2 (9 days after V1) by the enhancement of the CD38+ Bcl2+ population and a switch from a Th2 phenotype to a Th1/Th17 and Th17 differentiation by V3 (20 days after V1) (Figs. 3b and 4a).