Considering the increased expression of CD47 in the tracheal and lung epithelium (Supplementary Fig. 8a–e) and the decreased expression of ZO-1 in the lung lysates of C57BL/6 WT mice following infection with influenza virus (Supplementary Fig. 8f), we subsequently investigated the pathophysiological role of viral infection-induced CD47. Here, CD47 is linked to viral infectious disease.