Based on the microbial content and abundance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumors and adjacent tissue samples (mucosa) tested in our previous study43, we selected several bacteria that were abundant in tumors and unexpectedly discovered that Fn could increase the expression level of PANoptosis execution proteins in 4T1 cells (Fig. 4a, b). Here, FN1 is linked to oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.