BRAF and melanoma: For example, the cytosolic thiouridylase 2 (CTU2) enzyme that biochemically modifies the tRNA wobble uridine – thereby affecting the decoding of some A-ending codons, such as the AAA and GAA codons – is required for the efficient translation of a subset of mRNAs that promote survival and resistance to therapy of BRAF-mutated melanoma cells (17,18).