CSF3 and neoplasm: MSCs treated with IFNγ and TNFα in combination were found to produce much more G-CSF than the MSCs untreated or treated with a single cytokine both at mRNA level and protein level (Figure 4E), indicating that MSCs may exert their protective effects on neutrophils via producing G-CSF and that the G-CSF expression in MSCs is further upregulated under inflammatory conditions that are characteristic of tumor microenvironment.