SOX9 and osteoporosis: It has been shown that pEVs can promote osteogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells by upregulating the expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2/SOX9 (Runx2/SOX9) as well as Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (Antich-Rossello et al., 2020) and in addition, bone-targeted delivery of platelet lysate exosomes may improve glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis by enhancing bone vascular coupling (Zheng et al., 2022).