The introduction of precision therapies targeting specific oncogenic mutations in lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD), and monoclonal antibodies modulating the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoints in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancers have significantly improved treatment outcomes in metastatic disease2,3. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.