INS and Insulin resistance: We found normal fasting blood glucose levels accompanied by markedly increased fasting serum insulin levels (Extended Data Fig. 3a,b) and pathological intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (ipGTT; Extended Data Fig. 3c–e) with an increased peak concentration of serum insulin (Extended Data Fig. 3e) in mice on HFD, consistent with a pre-diabetic state and insulin resistance.