MAPK3 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Gao et al. used immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining to detect TAM biomarkers and EMT-related proteins, and found that the expression of EMT-related proteins was positively correlated with M2 macrophage biomarkers in HNSCC tissues, revealing that the M2 type of TAMs may induce the EMT process in cancer cells by activating the EGFR/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in HNSCC and then promote tumors68.