TGFB1 and neoplasm: Notably, upon intercellular communication through CM-FHC, TGFβ1 depletion in EV-educated FHC cells significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while re-expression of rTGFβ1 in FHC cells fully restored the enhanced malignancy of CC cells (Fig. 6g, h and Supplementary Fig. 13b–f).