In melanoma and esophageal squamous carcinoma, blocking the MIF/CD74 signaling pathway inhibited AKT phosphorylation and promote tumor progression [44, 60], whereas, in glioma, the MIF/CD74 axis inhibited IFN-γ secretion by promoting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 [61]. Here, MAPK3 is linked to melanoma.