TNF and cancer: For example, Porphyromonas can maintain chronic periodontal infection, leading to increased expression of proinflammatory molecules such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α; activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and antiapoptotic pathways (JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways); decreased expression of proapoptotic proteins; and increased cancer cell migration and invasion [38].