This data may suggest that females experiencing PASC to have prolonged systemic cytokines such as GM-CSF, ANG-2, GRANB, CCL2, TNF, IFNγ, and IL-12p70 after COVID-19 which may give insight into the higher rate of women experiencing PASC compared to men26 potentially supporting female sex as a risk factor for developing PASC as shown in other studies4,21,27. Here, CSF2 is linked to long COVID-19.