FBXO32 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Furthermore, exercise training not only enhances muscle biosynthesis but also reduces markers of muscle degradation, such as Atrogin‐1 and MuRF‐1, and protects against early mitochondria‐mediated apoptotic signaling caused by obesity (BAX/Bcl‐2 ratio and caspase‐3 expression) (Harber et al., 2012; Konopka & Harber, 2014).