TNF and Sepsis: They contain numerous bioactive molecules from MSCs, such as enzymes (e.g., Nitric oxide synthase), cytokines (e.g., TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐10), chemokines (e.g., CCL‐17 and CCL‐24), growth factors (e.g., HGF, TGF‐β), mRNA, and microRNAs (e.g., miR497‐5p) [61] – prevent apoptosis in cardiomyocytes induced by sepsis, miR‐126 [62] – diminishes apoptosis in lung endothelial cells by activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, similarly many other miRNAs like miR‐21, miR191, miR‐17, miR‐181, and miR‐490‐3p in MSC‐EVs facilitate the suppression of apoptosis (reviewed in [63, 64]).