Several studies have uncovered inflammation-associated fibroblast subtypes that promote or modulate inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases.14 15 118 A study on rheumatoid arthritis integrating available scRNA-seq datasets of synovium, linked fibroblast phenotypes to disease pathotypes further correlating with disease severity indices.119 Perturbed fibroblast subsets were significantly expanded in inflammatory bowel disease tissues, and certain subsets correlated with clinical TNF-resistance.118 120 Emerging studies in GCA begin to uncover the immunomodulatory roles of the stroma. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is temporal arteritis.