EGFR and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: In HNSCC, EGFR promotes invasion through various mechanisms: enhancing cellular mobility by altering cell morphology, increasing MMP-9 to break down barriers, inducing an invasion-ready state (EGFR-EMT), and cooperating with pathways like c-MET/HGF for cell growth, invasion, and angiogenesis [41–43].