Correlating with the elevated alarmin expression in patients with FD and IMID, levels of the alarmin-stimulated chemokines CCL2, CCL5, CXCL2 and CXCL8 were also higher patients with FD and IMID than healthy controls.83–88 In addition to producing these chemokines in response to IL-1α and IL-1β, fibroblasts can produce these when stimulated with TNFα (Figure 1A). This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and Fabry disease.