Future considerations include selecting patients with activated EGFR pathway by protein expression, administration of afatinib prior to tumor resection for a direct measurement of afatinib in the tumor since CSF levels were unmeasurable, and investigations with pulsatile dosing of later-generation EGFR TKIs, such as osimertinib, which was not available at the start of this study. The gene discussed is EGFR; the disease is neoplasm.