ACTA1 and renal fibrosis: (2023) they observed a significant increase in the expression levels of BNIP3 and HIF-1 α in UUO mice and a hypoxia-induced HK-2 cell model, as well as a significant up-regulation of TGF-β1 and α-SMA associated with renal fibrosis, accompanied by the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.