INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Over-activation of human β2AR promotes cardiac hypertrophy and represents an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (Osadchii, 2007).ARRDC3 also modulates insulin action and glucose metabolism in the liver and binds directly to the insulin receptor in a mouse model for human obesity (Batistaet al., 2020).